Showing posts with label history notes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label history notes. Show all posts

Wednesday, April 15, 2026

It Happened in April 1935

At the beginning of April 1935, the dust and sand from Colorado and Kansas was blown down to Texas. Initially, people made jokes about the weather up there in the north of Texas.

 Clipping source: Howerton, J. C. The Cuero Record. (Cuero, Tex.), Vol. 41, No. 78, Ed. 1 Wednesday, April 3, 1935newspaperApril 3, 1935; Cuero, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1129982/accessed April 14, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Cuero Public Library.

Soon, citizens of Texas discovered well enough that the sandstorm was not a laughing matter at all.

04 April

Clipping source: The Troup Banner (Troup, Tex.), Vol. 41, No. 40, Ed. 1 Thursday, April 4, 1935newspaperApril 4, 1935; Troup, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth981348/accessed April 15, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Bonham Public Library.

08 April


Clipping source: The Abilene Morning News (Abilene, Tex.), Vol. 9, No. 157, Ed. 1 Wednesday, April 10, 1935, newspaper, April 10, 1935; Abilene, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1745117/: accessed April 14, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Abilene Public Library.

The days were passing by, but the situation was not improving.

11 April



Clipping source: McDonald, L. A. Denton Record-Chronicle (Denton, Tex.), Vol. 34, No. 206, Ed. 1 Thursday, April 11, 1935, newspaper, April 11, 1935; Denton, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1539248/: accessed April 13, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Denton Public Library.

13 April  - a cold weather front brought a change for a while


Clipping source:
Buell, Ralph L. The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 244, Ed. 1 Sunday, April 14, 1935, newspaper, April 14, 1935; Brownsville, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1395921/: accessed April 13, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; .


When it got warner again, the dust storm came back. It ruined the crops/farms, households took human and animal lives.




Clippings source: Buell, Ralph L. The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 243, Ed. 1 Saturday, April 13, 1935, newspaper, April 13, 1935; Brownsville, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1395920/: accessed April 13, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; .

Why it all happened?



Clipping source: Bowman, George. Henderson Daily News (Henderson, Tex.), Vol. 5, No. 22, Ed. 1 Sunday, April 14, 1935newspaperApril 14, 1935; Henderson, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1315007/accessed April 14, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Rusk County Library.

14 April

Dust Storm, Wheeler Texas, photograph, April 14, 1935; (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth36010/m1/1/?q=dust: accessed April 13, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Wolf Creek Heritage Museum.




Clipping sources: Buell, Ralph L. The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 244, Ed. 1 Sunday, April 14, 1935, newspaper, April 14, 1935; Brownsville, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1395921/: accessed April 13, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; .

15 April


Clipping source: McDonald, L. A. Denton Record-Chronicle (Denton, Tex.), Vol. 34, No. 209, Ed. 1 Monday, April 15, 1935newspaperApril 15, 1935; Denton, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1539251/accessed April 14, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Denton Public Library.

16 April


Clipping source:
 
Buell, Ralph L. The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 246, Ed. 1 Tuesday, April 16, 1935newspaperApril 16, 1935; Brownsville, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1395925/accessed April 14, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; .


The results of the dust storm were devastating - a dark lesson to learn from regarding land cultivation.


Clipping source: 
Dietel, William. The Radio Post (Fredericksburg, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 33, Ed. 1 Friday, April 26, 1935newspaperApril 26, 1935; Fredericksburg, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1510146/accessed April 15, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Gillespie County Historical Society.

More about Dust Bowl:Texas Handbook Online

Saturday, March 7, 2026

John M. Bradley

 There was more than one man by the name of John M. Bradley who lived at the same time in Texas.

The John M. Bradley I talk about in this post was born in about 1800 in North Carolina. Whether and how he was related to our Bradley family line, I do not know. However, our direct ancestor John Bradley Jr., was born in 1799, in North Carolina as well. Possibly there is some family relation between the two men, but I did not discover it.

Not much is known about the ancestors of John M. Bradley and his family members. By the time when John M.  arrived in Texas with his four children, his wife passed away. I wish I knew the children’s name or what name the initial M. stood for.

John M. Bradley became the captain of Texas Militia regiment (Tenaha Militia). They fought in the battle of Nacogdoches in August 1832. Then, the man attended the Convention in San felipe as the Tenaha District representative.

In 1835, John M. Bradley was the captain of the San Augustine and Tenaha company, which he commanded during the Grass Fight. He and his company also took part in the siege of Bexar. Subsequently, Bradley and his San Augustine Cavalry joined the Texas army and participated in the fights which led to expelling the Mexican army from Texas.

John M. Bradley’s company was discharged in July 1836.

From 04 February 1839 to 31 January 1841, the man served as the Shelby County Sheriff. During that time, the Regulator – Moderator conflict arose, and John M. Bradley was chosen as the leader of the  Moderators.

After the death of Charles Jackson, the leader of Regulators, Charles Watt Moorman, took over their leadership. According to (1), he was a “young psychopath ”, and a “cruel and dangerous man” who did not tolerate anybody daring to stand in his way. Moreover, he was a man of impressive appearance and striking personality, who was able to make people think that Regulators’ actions was righteous. The Regulators controlled Shelbyville which they had chosen as their headquarters. Whoever did not agree with them was either forced to leave the county or face death. The Regulators followed their opponents even to adjacent counties. 

Clipping source: Cruger & Moore. Telegraph and Texas Register (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 6, No. 47, Ed. 1, Wednesday, October 20, 1841, newspaper, October 20, 1841; Houston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth48156/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

Clipping source: The Morning Star. (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 2, No. 243, Ed. 1 Saturday, September 25, 1841, newspaper, September 25, 1841; Houston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1497666/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu

Moorman’s plans reached high and included the idea of a revolution, overthrowing the Government of Texas and becoming the state governor.

Gradually, the situation in the county was becoming more serious and dangerous.


Clipping source: Cruger & Moore. Telegraph and Texas Register (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 6, No. 46, Ed. 1, Wednesday, October 13, 1841, newspaper, October 13, 1841; Houston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth48155/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

At the end of December 1841, a certain letter was published in a local newspaper. The alleged author of the letter was John. M. Bradley – as the publication stated (2). The letter content showed Bradley in a very bad light, the least to say.

On the next day, information of J. M. Bradley’s protest was published in the same paper. Bradley had announced that the letter was a forgery and he was not the one who had written the letter.


Clipping source: Whiting, S. Daily Bulletin. (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 22, Ed. 1, Friday, December 24, 1841, newspaper, December 24, 1841; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth80076/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

It was probably Moorman and the Regulators who were behind the letter publication. If it was meant to slander Bradley’s name and ruin his good reputation, it seems they succeeded. In 1842, when Moderators reorganized themselves, John M. Bradley was excluded from the group. James J. Cravens became their leader.

Researching the information on John M. Bradley, I came across the newspaper note on the legal case Bradley vs McGrabb (1843). 


Clipping source: The Planter. (Columbia, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 40, Ed. 1, Saturday, September 9, 1843, newspaper, September 9, 1843; Columbia, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth80181/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

Most likely – it was John M. Bradley who tried to clear his name after the slandering post in the paper and took it to the court. Considering the fact that most jury members at that time were Regulators supporters, and others, who were not, would not have dared to vote in favor of Bradley (due to the obvious reason, as it was in case of the McFadden brothers), John M. Bradley presumably lost the court case and failed to restore his good name.


24 July 1844 – a truce between Regulators and Moderators was signed by Cravens and Moorman. The truce was to protect citizens regarded as “good and unoffending”. However, Moorman composed “Articles of Agreements” in which he was supposed to include some escape clauses for himself.

Soon, a man by the name of Lindsey was shot in an ambush by Regulators. The man managed to get to the Moderators and let them know who he had been attacked by.

After a Regulators’ meeting at San Augustine, they came up with a list of 25 men who were “doomed” by the Regulators. The list was later placed on the courthouse door. It was believed that  Moorman himself posted the paper with those names. The listed citizens of Shelby County were:

  • Sheriff Llewellyn,
  • John F. Cravens – leader of Moderators,
  • Five men of the Haley family: Thomas, John, Richard, Allen, and Mark,
  • William Todd,
  • I. Strickland, 
  • D. Strickland,
  • Isaac Hall,
  • Jonathan Anderson,
  • Laurel Lang,
  • Charles Lindsey,
  • E. Ritter,
  • M. H. Moseley,
  • J.D. Raines,
  • Joshua English,
  • John Choate,
  • Moses F. Wooten,
  • James West,
  • W. J. Thomas,
  • Samuel Todd,
  • Henry Thorne,
  • David Harris.
Some of the above men had family connections to Jospeh Goodbread, who was shot and killed by Jackson in 1841, and the McFadden brothers hanged some time later. I will come back to those men in my future posts.


28 July 1844 – on a Sunday evening, when John M. Bradley was leaving the Baptist church camp meeting he had attended at St Augustine, he was approached by Charles W. Moorman and a few other Regulators. It was dark, when light was brought, Moorman shot Bradley in the chest and killed him at instant. The story mentions that Moorman had had a dream about Bradley in which the latter wore a steel jacket. That is why Moorman shot Bradley below the line where the jacket could have been. Later it appeared, Bradley was indeed wearing a steel jacket as seen by Moorman in his dream. The steel jacket factor - true or false? Seems probable.


Clipping source: De Morse, Charles. The Northern Standard. (Clarksville, Tex.), Vol. 2, No. 40, Ed. 1, Wednesday, August 7, 1844, newspaper, August 7, 1844; Clarksville, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth80525/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

The conflict  between Regulators and Moderators continued to escalate. Finally, President  Houston took actions which led to the end of the bloody conflict and disbanding both fractions of the feud.

Clipping source: De Morse, Charles. The Northern Standard. (Clarksville, Tex.), Vol. 2, No. 43, Ed. 1, Wednesday, August 28, 1844, newspaper, August 28, 1844; Clarksville, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth80528/: accessed March 3, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

Sometime later, Moorman was arrested and trialed.

Clipping source: De Morse, Charles. The Northern Standard. (Clarksville, Tex.), Vol. 2, No. 45, Ed. 1, Wednesday, September 11, 1844, newspaper, September 11, 1844; Clarksville, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth80530/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

The result of the trial was no surprise regarding the state of the affairs regarding members of the jury (as mentioned above).

Charles W. Moorman met his end in Louisiana, on 14 February 1850. He was shot/killed by Dr. Robert Burns.

God bless their souls.

Sources:

1. East Texas Genealogical Society. East Texas Family Records, Volume 11, Number 3, Fall 1987, periodical, Autumn 1987; Tyler, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth38028/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting East Texas Genealogical Society.

2. Cruger & Moore. Telegraph and Texas Register (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 6, No. 47, Ed. 1, Wednesday, October 20, 1841, newspaper, October 20, 1841; Houston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth48156/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

3. East Texas Genealogical Society. East Texas Family Records, Volume 11, Number 3, Fall 1987, periodical, Autumn 1987; Tyler, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth38028/: accessed March 1, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting East Texas Genealogical Society.

Texas Handbook Online

Photos Sept. 2020

Sunday, September 14, 2025

Napoleon B. Breeding - Part 2

 In 1843, Napoleon was part of Snively Expedition.

The note you can read below was posted by the Expedition participants (including napoleon and his uncle Benjamin Wilkens) to clear misconceptions that arose around the Expedition purpose/circumstances.





Source: Cruger & Moore. Telegraph and Texas Register (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 8, No. 44, Ed. 1, Wednesday, October 18, 1843newspaperOctober 18, 1843; Houston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth48256/accessed September 12, 2025), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.

TBC

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Other Posts

Part 1 - Napoleon Bonaparte Breeding & Family

Part 3

Part 4

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This post is part of our series "They Lived in Texas"

Tuesday, July 23, 2024

"V" for Vereins-Kirche

 

The building of Vereins-Kirche (Society Church) is the unofficial symbol of the town. It was the very first local church, built in 1847 by the settlers who came from Europe to the Fredericksburg area. The church was shared for worship services by all the local religious groups and was the school building as well.

Originally, the top of the roof was decorated with a rooster-shaped weather vane,  which was replaced with a cross when the lightning (in 1862) destroyed the prior installation.

The time seriously damaged the earliest wooden structure of the building. In 1934, the newly organized Gillespie County Historical Society decided to reconstruct the building. Among others, the construction was given new stone walls (instead of the wooden ones) - the restoration works took 2 years.

Since then, the old church building was used by the City Council for various purposes. Nowadays, it is part of the Pioneer Museum and a well-known and liked town landmark.

 Recently, the cloudy sky has brought a bit lower temperatures and relief from the summer heat.

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"My Texas Alphabet" is quite a personal summary of our hitherto life in Texas. More series entries here.

One of my latest creations - Vereins-Kirche inspired hand painted T shirt.

 

Saturday, September 23, 2023

SPJST

On 28 December 1896, in La Grange, TX, 25 local inhabitants of Czech and Slovak descent held a meeting. They were members of the Česko Slovensko Podporujici Spolek (CSPS - Czech Slavonic Benevolent Society) a fraternal insurance organization that operated in all the American states including Texas. The men selected a committee that was to start working on creating the Slovanska Podporujici Jednota Stanu Texas (SPJST/Slavonic Benevolent Association of the State of Texas). The committee members were J R Kubena, judge Augustin Haidusek, and F. Čistina. Later, Mr. Haidušek was replaced by CV Vanek. 

On 29 June 1897, a convention of  22 SPJST lodges members took place. The organization started its proper work on 1 July 1897 - that was the day on which SPJST officers were elected: president I J Gallia, Mr. Fred Breska vice-president, secretary, and treasurer - J R Kubena.

SPJST was a fraternal insurance organization of non-sectary character. It offered the members death and sick benefits. The organization was also into promoting mutual acquaintance of people of Czechoslovakian descent and supporting cultural, benevolent, and national projects.
 
Birthplace of SPJST - Fayette County Courthouse, La Grange
 
Early presidents of SPJST were: I J Gallia, J J Holik, Joseph Dušek, judge C H Chernosky. The initial 22 lodges/496 members grew by the end of 1993 to 152 lodges/11,141 members.
 
Another insurance-type organization came into being on 1 July 1926. It was the Slavonic Mutual Fire Insurance Association. Its first convention took place in June 1927 in Houston, and the first officers were Frank Ančinec, Anton Bily, judge C H Chernosky, Stephen Valik, M Bubac, Frank Bečan, John Kelarek, and Tom Hošek.

Source: "The Czech Pioneers of the Southwest. The History of a People in the Development of a Nation", Henry R Maresh and Estelle Hudson, 1934, 1962, 1996.

Tuesday, September 19, 2023

Llano County Courthouse

The Llano County courthouse came into being in 1859. It was a wooden building - 21 years later it was destroyed by a fire.


The second (temporary) building was constructed in the same year (1880) by architect CS Jones and JK Finley, builder.


1885 - Alfred Giles, of British origin, created a new courthouse structure. Unfortunately, another fire happened in January 1892, and the courthouse was destroyed again. A year later, two architects, AO Watson and Jacob Laramour designed a new courthouse building, its construction was finished on 1 August 1893 (the foundation was made of granite).


It is quite a pretty structure - the photos were taken in 2020.

Info source: Wikipedia

Sunday, August 27, 2023

Zion

A small group of the first settlers in the Fredericksburg area was of Lutheran faith. Their first religious leader was to be a minister invited by Mr. Schumacher. The man by the name of Schneider, who had lived in Victoria, TX appeared to be a Methodist. The minister must have been really convincing. Despite the fact that there were no Methodists in the colony, he encouraged the settlers to organize a Methodist congregation there (1849). 
 
The Lutherans taught their kids religion at their homes until 1850 when the first Lutheran ministers came to Texas. A year later, more missionaries arrived. In December of that year, the first Lutheran Synod took place in Houston, TX.

The Lutherans of the Fredericksburg colony applied to the Synod and asked for a religious leader. As a result of that, a missionary from San Antonio came to Gillespie County in August 1852. His name was Rev. Ziezelmann. 

The Lutheran congregation at that time consisted of six families. Soon, others joined them.

13 January 1853 - Zion Lutheran Church - the first Lutheran church of Gillespie County - was organized by 15 families and their spiritual leader Pastor Ziezelman.  The first church elders were G Roehrig, W Reider, D Rode, and FW Schumacher.

A site on which the church building would be constructed was chosen and a lot was purchased from Mr. Jacob Harth was purchased for $45. The members of the congregation (which grew to 28 families) and the pastor worked on the construction site. To obtain money for the building materials, they hauled corn and sweet potatoes to the market situated 300 miles away, by the ocean coast.

Not long after the construction was completed, Rev. Ziezelmann and his bride celebrated their wedding in the new-built church on 1 January 1855.

The very first parsonage built by the church was a two-room log cabin. 1878 - the cabin was replaced with a stone house. 1922 - the parsonage was enlarged and rebuilt.

The early pastors of the Zion church, besides Rev. Ziezelmann, were Rev. Bohnenberger, Schumacher (during the times of the Civil War), Holzinger, Gossweiler, Merz, Weiss, Fiedler, Glatzle (served for 27 years), and FA Bracher (since 1917).

Rev. Fiedler has already been mentioned in the previous post. I am going to write here about other ministers of Zion, too.

Source: "German Pioneers in Texas; A Brief History of Their Hardships, Struggles, and Achievements" compiled by Don H Briggs, Gillespie County Edition, Press of the Fredericksburg Publishing Co., 1925.

Photos: Zion Lutheran Church, Fredericksburg, TX. Perfect skies and great weather in the forecast for the week  (taken April 2021). 


Saturday, August 5, 2023

Edward Isaac Johnson

Edward Isaac Johnson was born to Edward Isreal Johnson and his wife Elisabeth David in 1816, in Portsmouth, England. After relocating to America, the E I Johnsons became one of the prominent families in Cincinnati.

Summer of 1835 - during the Texas Revolution, Edward Isaac joined a company of volunteers in Maysville, Kentucky. Their destination was Texas. The volunteers were promised land for their participation in the Revolution fights (800 acres in case they survived/1600 if they were killed).
November of the same year - together with Capt. Thomas K Pearson's company, the man landed at Matagorda. The company soldiers hauled a cannon retrieved from the San Felipe schooner. It was delivered to Bexar, where Gen. Edward Burleson's army was stationed.

After the siege of Bexar, E. Johnson was a man of Capt. A B King's company and he took part in the battle of Refugio. When the Company commander was killed, Edward marched to Goliad, where he joined Capt. B H Duval's unit. During the executions of the Texan prisoners in Goliad, Edward Isaac Johnson set off the explosion of the gunpowder storage area and perished, killed by the detonation. It happened on Palm Sunday, 27 March 1836.

Fort Martin Scott, Fredericksburg, TX

More about
Siege of Bexar: https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/bexar-siege-of

Goliad Massacre: https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre

Source:
"The Jewish Texans. The Texians and the Texans ", Institute of Texan Cultures, University of Texas, Institue of Texan Cultures, San Antonio, 1996.
Texas Handbook Online

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This post is part of our series: They Lived in Texas

Wednesday, July 26, 2023

Sons of Hermann

On 6 July 1861, the Order Sons of Hermann was founded by German settlers in San Antonio. The attempts to create a chapter of the organization in Texas had been made a year earlier, however, it all needed authorization from the National Grand Lodge of the Sons of Hermann. 

At the beginning of the Texas branch, its members who wished to sit during the meetings needed to bring their own chairs. Until the 1920s, German was the language spoken during the Order gatherings. Sons of Hermann took part in various public events such as festivals, parades, concerts, balls, dances, and others. The Lodge also organized a youth summer camp and a home for the elderly in Comfort. Besides, they also provide a life insurance program. In 1890, a Grand Lodge of the Order was formed in San Antonio, TX.

 
Clipping source: Garrett, O. H. P. Brenham Daily Banner. (Brenham, Tex.), Vol. 15, No. 55, Ed. 1 Wednesday, March 5, 1890, newspaper, March 5, 1890; (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth486499/: accessed March 4, 2022), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Abilene Library Consortium.
 

 
Clipping source: Source: Garrett, O. H. P. Brenham Daily Banner. (Brenham, Tex.), Vol. 15, No. 59, Ed. 1 Sunday, March 9, 1890, newspaper, March 9, 1890; (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth485439/: accessed March 4, 2022), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Abilene Library Consortium.
 
 
Clipping source: Garrett, O. H. P. Brenham Daily Banner. (Brenham, Tex.), Vol. 15, No. 66, Ed. 1 Saturday, March 29, 1890, newspaper, March 29, 1890; (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth481938/: accessed March 4, 2022), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Abilene Library Consortium

 
Sons of Hermann of the State of Texas Lodge No. 41 was organized in Fredericksburg on 19 March 1892 (with the initial 17 charter members). The lodge early officers were (among others): L. Hagen, W. Bierschwale, Max Wahrmund, HB Meckel, Julius Kordzik, Robert Penniger, H Hahn, John Schandua, and FC Hartmann.


More about Sons of Hermann in TX:
1. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/sons-of-hermann
2. http://www.stichtingargus.nl/vrijmetselarij/hermann.html

Source:
1. "The Texians and the Texans. The German Texans" The University of Texas, Institute of Texan Cultures, 1972.
2. "Fredericksburg, Texas ... The First Fifty Years. A Translation of Penniger's 50th Anniversary Festival Edition", Fredericksburg Publishing Co., Inc., 1971.